Investigação das práticas maternas sobre aleitamento materno e sua relação com a infecção de vias aéreas superiores e otite média / Investigation of maternal practices of breastfeeding and their relation with the infection of the upper airways and otitis media

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar as práticas das mães durante o aleitamento e o posicionamento do bebê e sua relação com a infecção de via aérea superior e a otite média. Métodos: estudo descritivo exploratório. Realizou-se entrevistas semi-estrututadas com 60 mães, sobre aleitamento materno, posição do lactente durante a amamentação e ocorrência de infecção de vias aéreas superiores e otites. Nos bebês, realizou-se otoscopia e emissões otoacústicas, em ambas as orelhas. Resultados: dos 60 lactentes, 49 eram amamentados exclusivamente e 11 não exclusivo. Com relação à posição, 20 mães relataram amamentar seus filhos na posição sentada e 40 na posição deitada. A ocorrência de IVAS relatada pelas mães foi de 10 bebês sendo que destes, 6 mamavam deitados e 4 bebês sentados. Quanto à ocorrência de otite média, segundo as mães, 6 bebês apresentaram pelo menos um episódio de otite. Destes bebês, 2 eram amamentados sentados e 4 deitados. Os resultados indicam que não há significância entre a posição durante a amamentação e a ocorrência de infecção de via aérea superior e otite média. Conclusão: as práticas das mães durante o aleitamento e o posicionamento do bebê não possuem relação com a infecção de via aérea superior e a otite média.

ABSTRACT Purpose: to investigate the practices of mothers during breastfeeding and infant's position and their relationship with the infection of the upper airway and otitis media. Methods: this is a descriptive exploratory study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 60 mothers, with questions about breastfeeding, the position of the infant during breastfeeding and the occurrence of infection of the upper airways (IUA) and otitis. In the infants, otoscopy and otoacoustic emissions were performed in both ears. Results: out of the 60 infants, 49 were exclusively breastfed and 11 were not. Regarding the position, 20 mothers reported breastfeeding their infants in the seated position and 40 in the lying position. The occurrence of IUA reported by the mothers was in 10 infants and from these, 6 were breastfed lying down and 4 infants sitting. As for the occurrence of otitis media, according to the mothers, 6 infants had at least one episode of otitis. Out of these infants, 2 were breastfed sitting and 4, lying down. The results indicate no significance between the position during breastfeeding and the occurrence of upper airway infection and otitis media. Conclusion: the practices of mothers during breast-feeding and infant's position are not related to infection of the upper airways and otitis media.

Oropouche virus is detected in peripheral blood leukocytes from patients.

Oropouche virus (OROV) is a frequent cause of arboviral febrile disease in the Amazon. The present report describes studies done in two patients, one of them; the first OROV human case acquired outside of the Amazon, which have revealed for the first time the presence of OROV in peripheral blood leukocytes. This novel finding raises important issues regarding pathogenesis of human infections and may offer a new tool, for the rapid diagnosis of this neglected infection. J. Med. Virol. 89:1108-1111, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Frênulo lingual e aleitamento materno: estudo descritivo / Lingual frenum and breast feeding: descriptive study

RESUMO Introdução O leite materno é o alimento mais adequado para todo recém-nascido e possui inúmeros benefícios amplamente descritos na literatura. Para a extração do leite, a função de sucção do recém-nascido depende de um adequado funcionamento da língua, incluindo o frênulo lingual. No entanto, não está clara a relação entre o frênulo lingual e o aleitamento materno. Objetivo Avaliar o frênulo da língua em bebês recém-nascidos a termo e verificar sua associação com o aleitamento materno. Métodos A amostra foi constituída por 139 binômios mãe/bebê, nascidos a termo. Para avaliação anatomofuncional do frênulo da língua, utilizou-se o Protocolo de avaliação do frênulo lingual para bebês. Para avaliação da mamada em seio materno, aplicou-se o Protocolo de observação da mamada da UNICEF. Para verificar a associação entre o frênulo lingual e o aleitamento materno, aplicou-se o teste Qui-quadrado. Resultados Na avaliação do frênulo da língua dos 139 bebês, constatou-se apenas um bebê com alteração de frênulo, equivalente a uma prevalência de 0,8%. Na avaliação da mamada, dos 138 binômios, cujos bebês não apresentavam nenhuma alteração do frênulo da língua, 82 deles (59,4%) não demonstraram nenhuma dificuldade durante a alimentação em seio materno. O único bebê com alteração do frênulo da língua não apresentou dificuldades na amamentação. Conclusão Não há subsídios suficientes para se estabelecer associação entre alteração no frênulo lingual e aleitamento materno.

ABSTRACT Introduction Breast milk is the most suitable feeding for all newborns and has numerous benefits widely described in the literature. For the extraction of milk, the suckling function of the newborn depends on adequate functioning of the tongue, including the lingual frenum. However, it is unclear the relationship among the lingual frenum and breast feeding. Purpose To evaluate the lingual frenum in newborn infants and to verify their association with breast feeding. Methods The sample consisted of 139 mother/infant binomials, who were born full term. For the anatomy-functional evaluation of the lingual frenum, the “Evaluation protocol of the lingual frenum for infants” was used. For the evaluation of the breast feeding, the “UNICEF observation protocol of breast feeding” was applied. To verify the association among the lingual frenum and breast feeding, the chi-square test was applied. Results In the evaluation of the lingual frenulum of the 139 infants, it was verified only one infant with a frenum alteration, equivalent to a prevalence of 0.8%, was found. In the evaluation of breastfeeding, of the 138 binomials, whose infants did not have alteration of the lingual frenum, 82 of them (59.4%) did not demonstrated any difficulty during breast feeding. The only infant with lingual frenum alteration did not present difficulties in breast feeding. Conclusion There are insufficient subsidies to establish an association among lingual frenum and breast feeding.

A saúde e seus significados para famílias fumicultoras da região de Irati (PR): contingências e contradições / Health and its meanings to tobacco grower families of Irati (PR): contingencies and contradictions

RESUMO A fumicultura é uma das principais atividades da região de Irati, entretanto provoca malefícios para a saúde. O objetivo foi compreender os significados de saúde e sua importância em famílias de fumicultores. Realizou-se observação participante e entrevistas com famílias. Optou-se pela análise de conteúdo, modalidade temática. Como resultados, revelaram-se os núcleos temáticos: 'O hábito de fumar e a saúde nas gerações das famílias', 'Dificuldades na utilização de Equipamento de Proteção Individual', 'Preocupação com a saúde infantil' e 'Saúde, cultura e economia: implicações da fumicultura'. A promoção da saúde dos fumicultores depende de ações intersetoriais.

ABSTRACT Tobacco growing is one of the main activities of the Irati region, however it causes harm to health. The objective was to understand the meanings of health and its implications for tobacco farming families. We conducted participant observation and interviews with families. We opted for content analysis, thematic modality. As a result, such thematic groups arose: 'Smoking and health in the generations of the families', 'Difficulties in the use of Personal Protective Equipment', 'Concern for child health', and 'Health, culture, and economy: implications of tobacco farming'. Health promotion directed at tobacco growers needs intersectional actions.

Experimental infection of suckling mice by subcutaneous inoculation with Oropouche virus.

Oropouche virus, of the family Bunyaviridae, genus Orthobunyavirus, serogroup Simbu, is an important causative agent of arboviral febrile illness in Brazil. An estimated 500,000 cases of Oropouche fever have occurred in Brazil in the last 30 years, with recorded cases also in Panama, Peru, Suriname and Trinidad. We have developed an experimental model of Oropouche virus infection in neonatal BALB/c mouse by subcutaneous inoculation. The vast majority of infected animals developed disease on the 5th day post infection, characterized mainly by lethargy and paralysis, progressing to death within 10 days. Viral replication was documented in brain cells by in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and virus titration. Multi-step immunohistochemistry indicated neurons as the main target cells of OROV infection. Histopathology revealed glial reaction and astrocyte activation in the brain and spinal cord, with neuronal apoptosis. Spleen hyperplasia and mild meningitis were also found, without viable virus detected in liver and spleen. This is the first report of an experimental mouse model of OROV infection, with severe involvement of the central nervous system, and should become useful in pathogenesis studies, as well as in preclinical testing of therapeutic interventions for this emerging pathogen.

Oropouche virus experimental infection in the golden hamster (Mesocrisetus auratus).

Oropouche virus (OROV), of the family Bunyaviridae, is the second most frequent arbovirus causing febrile disease in Brazil. In spite of this, little is known about pathogenesis of OROV infection. This report describes an experimental model of OROV in golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Following subcutaneous inoculation of OROV, over 50% of the animals developed disease characterized by lethargy, ruffled fur, shivering, paralysis, and approximately one third died. Animals were sacrificed on days 1, 3, 5, 8 and 11 post-inoculation to collect tissue samples from brain, heart, liver, lung, spleen, muscle and blood for virus titration, histology and OROV immunohistochemistry. OROV was detected in high titers in blood, liver and brain, but not in the other organs. Histopathology revealed meningoencephalitis and hepatitis, with abundant OROV antigen detected in liver and brain. Diffuse galectin-3 immunostaining in brain and liver supports microglial and Kupfer cells activation. This is the first description of an experimental model for OROV infection and should be helpful to study pathogenesis and possibly to test antiviral interventions such as drugs and vaccine candidates.